Research Progress in Electrodeposition Technology of Titanium-Based Iridium Oxide Electrode

Authors

Dan-Dan Wu, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ,Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China;
Xu Wu, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology ,Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China;Follow

Corresponding Author

Xu Wu(Profxuwu@hust.edu.cn)

Abstract

Titanium-based iridium oxide electrode has been widely used in various fields, such as electrocatalytic oxidation, biomedical applications, hydrometallurgical metal recovery, electro-osmotic dewatering, etc. At present, it is mainly prepared by traditional thermal decomposition method, however, which has high cost, cumbersome process, mainly relying on manual labor and cannot be mass-produced yet. It is, therefore, urgently necessary to explore new preparation technologies by focusing on electrodeposition technology, with technological characteristics such as eco-friendly and sustainable development. This article systematically discusses the research progress in iridium oxide electrodeposition preparation technology from the aspects of deposition solution formulation, base material selection and treatment, electrodeposition method and deposition time, etc. Some works and achievements, made by the author's research group, such as a new electrodeposition recipe of titanium-based iridium oxide electrode and the pretreatment of titanium with anodic oxidation for improving the stability of electrodeposited IrO₂ electrode are also presented. The current challenges faced by the electrodeposition preparation technology of titanium-based iridium oxide electrode, including bad coating quality, weak bonding ability between coating and substrate, lack of the study on the theory about dynamic of electrodeposition and the problem of industrial applications are analyzed. Based upon the aforementioned challenges, some suggestions, for example, utilizing optimization of the electrodeposition, multi-deposition process combination, metal (such as tantalum, lanthanum) co-deposition, are given to solve for the problem of coating quality. The process of electrodeposition by utilizing in-situ electrochemical methods, and combined with COMSOL and other software to simulate the process, and then starting from both electrochemical theory and crystal growth theory, as well as the gradually perfect the theoretical research on electrodeposition of iridium oxide on titanium are summarized. Finally, the application prospects and future development directions are highlighted. It is expected that this brief review would offer critical insights and useful guidelines for developing superior electrodeposition technology of titanium-based iridium oxide electrode.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

IrO2/Ti electrodes, electrodeposition, industrial applications

DOI Link

https://doi.org/10.13208/j.electrochem.200802

Publication Date

2021-02-28

Online Available Date

2020-09-17

Revised Date

2020-08-27

Received Date

2020-08-14

Recommended Citation

Dan-Dan Wu, Xu Wu. Research Progress in Electrodeposition Technology of Titanium-Based Iridium Oxide Electrode[J]. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2021 , 27(1): 35-44.
DOI: 10.13208/j.electrochem.200802
Available at: https://jelectrochem.xmu.edu.cn/journal/vol27/iss1/2

References

[1] Scialdone O, Randazzo S, Galia A, Filardo G. Electrochemical oxidation of organics at metal oxide electrodes: The incineration of oxalic acid at IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ (DSA-O₂) anode[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2009,54(4):1210-1217.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.064 URL

[2] Huang C A, Yang S W, Chen C Z, Hsu F Y. Electrochemical behavior of IrO₂-Ta₂O₅/Ti anodes prepared with different surface pretreatments of Ti substrate[J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017,320:270-278.
doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.005 URL

[3] Krysa J, Kule L, Mráz R, Rousar I. Effect of coating thickness and surface treatment of titanium on the properties of IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ anodes[J]. J. Appl. Electrochem., 1996,26(10):999-1005.
doi: 10.1007/BF00242194 URL

[4] Xiao J, Wu X, Yu W B, Liang S, Yu J W, Gu Y Y, Deng H L, Hu J K, Xiao K K, Yang J K. Migration and distribution of sodium ions and organic matters during electro-dewatering of waste activated sludge at different dosages of sodium sulfate[J]. Chemosphere, 2017: 189:67-75.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.034 URL pmid: 28926790

[5] Yu J G, Zhao X J, Zhao Q N. Photocatalytic activity of nanometer TiO₂ thin films prepared by the sol-gel method[J]. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2001,69(1-3):25-29.
doi: 10.1016/S0254-0584(00)00291-1 URL

[6] Terabe K, Kato K, Miyazaki H, Yamaguchi S, Imai A, Iguchi Y. Microstructure and crystallization behaviour of TiO₂ precursor prepared by the sol-gel method using metal alkoxide[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 1994,29(6):1617-1622.
doi: 10.1007/BF00368935 URL

[7] Thanawala S S, Baird R J, Georgiev D G, Auner G W. Amorphous and crystalline IrO₂ thin films as potential stimulation electrode coatings[J]. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2008,254(16):5164-5169.
doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.02.054 URL

[8] Labou D, Slavcheva E, Schnakenberg U, Neophytides S. Performance of laboratory polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen generator with sputtered iridium oxide anode[J]. J. Power Sources, 2008,185(2):1073-1078.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.013 URL

[9] Lee B S, Ahn S H, Park H Y, Choi I, Yoo S J, Kim H J, Henkensmeier D, Kim J Y, Park S, Nam S W, Lee K Y, Jang J H. Development of electrodeposited IrO₂ electrodes as anodes in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis[J]. Appl. Catal. B - Environ., 2015,179:285-291.
doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.05.027 URL

[10] Pratsalfonso E, Abad L, Casanpastor N, Gonzalo-Ruiz J, Baldrich E. Iridium oxide pH sensor for biomedical applications. Case urea-urease in real urine samples[J]. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2013,39(1):163-169.
doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.022 URL pmid: 22857994

[11] Jin H. Fabrication, characterisation, and optical applications of electrochemically deposited nanostructured IrO_x films[D]. Southampton: University of Southampton, 2008.

[12] Zhang Y L, Cao M M, Lü H, Wei J C, Gu Y Y, Liu D G, Zhang W B, Ryan M P, Wu X. Electrodeposited nanometer-size IrO₂/Ti electrodes with 0.3 mg IrO₂ cm^-2 for sludge dewatering electrolysers[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2018,265:507-513.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.190 URL

[13] Wang J, Rivas G, Chicharro M. Glucose microsensors based on electrochemical deposition of iridium and glucose oxidase onto carbon fiber[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997,439:55-61.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00371-9 URL

[14] N Ther J, K Ster F, Freudenberger R, Schoberl C, Lampke T. Electrochemical deposition of iridium and iridium-nickel-alloys[M]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017,181:012041.

[15] Jian X H, Tsai D S, Chung W H, Huang Y S, Liu F J. Pt-Ru and Pt-Mo electrodeposited onto Ir-IrO₂ nanorods and their catalytic activities in methanol and ethanoloxidation[J]. J. Mater. Chem., 2009,19(11):1601-1607.

[16] Yagi M, Tomita E, Kuwabara T. Remarkably high activity of electrodeposited IrO₂ film for electrocatalytic water oxidation[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2005,579(1):83-88.
doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.01.030 URL

[17] Yamanaka K. Anodically electrodeposited iridium oxide films (AEIROF) from alkaline solutions for electrochromic display devices[J]. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1989,28(4):632-637.
doi: 10.1143/JJAP.28.632 URL

[18] Baur J E, Spaine T W. Electrochemical deposition of iridium (IV) oxide from alkaline solutions of iridium(III) oxide[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998,443(2):208-216.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00532-9 URL

[19] Bezbaruah A N, Zhang T C. Fabrication of Anodically Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide Film pH Microelectrodes for Microenvironmental Studies[J]. Anal. Chem., 2002,74(22):5726-5733.
doi: 10.1021/ac020326l URL pmid: 12463355

[20] Casella I G, Contursi M, Toniolo R. Anodic electrodeposition of iridium oxide particles on glassy carbon surfaces and their electrochemical/SEM/XPS characterization[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2015,736:147-152.
doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.11.012 URL

[21] Petit M A, Plichon V. Anodic electrodeposition of iridium oxide films[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998,444(2):247-252.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00570-6 URL

[22] Zhang X(张新), Luo Y H(罗远辉), Li X Y(李兴彦). Effect of some factors in iridium plating on electroplated coating surface[J]. Met. Funct. Mater. (金属功能材料), 2012(4):46-49.

[23] Shi Y H, Meng H M. Electrochemical behavior of IrO₂ electrodes in the anodic electrodeposition of MnO₂[J]. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2011,27(2):461-467.
doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20110216 URL

[24] Wang J P(王锦鹏), Zhong X M(钟学明), Teng L J(滕乐金), Zhao Y(赵洋). Discussion on removal of the micropotassium from the solution of dihydrogen hexachloroiridate(IV)[J]. G D Chem. (广东化工), 2008,35(7):23-26.

[25] Kakooei S, Ismail M C, Wahjoedi B A. Electrochemical study of iridium oxide coating on stainless steel substrate[J]. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2013,8(3):3290-3301.

[26] Zhao C X, Yu H T, Li Y C, Li X H, Ding L, Fan L Z. Electrochemical controlled synjournal and characterization of well-aligned IrO₂ nanotube arrays with enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2013,688:269-274.
doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.032 URL

[27] Sun Z H(孙志华), Liu Y H(刘佑厚), Zhang X Y(张晓云), Tang Z H(汤智慧), Liu M H(刘明辉). A review of electroplating technology on titanium and titanium alloys[J]. Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol. (腐蚀与防护), 2005,26(11):493-496.

[28] Yan Z W, Zhao Y W, Zhang Z Z, Li G, Li H C, Wang J S, Feng Z Q, Tang M Q, Yuan X J, Zhang R Z, Du Y Y. A study on the performance of IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ coated anodes with surface treated Ti substrates[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2015,157:345-350.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.005 URL

[29] Aravind P, Selvaraj H, Ferro S, Sundaram M. An integrated (electro and bio-oxidation) approach for remediation of industrial wastewater containing azo-dyes: Understanding the degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2016,318(15):203-215.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.028 URL

[30] Huang C A, Yang S W, Lai P L. Effect of precursor baking on the electrochemical properties of IrO₂-Ta₂O₅/Ti anodes[J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2018,350:896-903.
doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.03.095 URL

[31] Nishanthi S T, Iyyapushpam S, Padiyan D P. Role of water content in anodization of titanium to fabricate TiO₂ nanotubes and its properties[C]// IEEE, International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials and Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET), Chennai, INDIA, Jul 24-27, 2013: 320-323.

[32] Alves S A, Patel S B, Sukotjo C, Mathew M T, Filho P N, Celis J P, Rocha L A, Shokuhfar T. Synjournal of calcium-phosphorous doped TiO₂ nanotubes by anodization and reverse polarization: A promising strategy for an efficient biofunctional implant surface[J]. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017,399:682-701.
doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.105 URL

[33] Wu D D, Wu X, Zhang Y L. A study on Ti anodic pretreatment for improving the stability of electrodeposited IrO₂ electrode[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2020,338:135793.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135793 URL

[34] Zhang X(张新), Luo Y H(罗远辉), Li X Y(李兴彦). Research progress of iridium electroplating technology[J]. Met. Funct. Mater. (金属功能材料), 2012,2:58-61.

[35] Steegstra P, Ahlberg E. Involvement of nanoparticles in the electrodeposition of hydrous iridium oxide films[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2012,68:206-213.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.058 URL

[36] Meyer R D, Nguyen T H, Twardoch U M, Rauh R D. Electrodeposition of iridium oxide charge injection electrodes[C]// Proceedings of the First Joint BMES/EMBS Conference, October 13-16, 1999, Atlanta, GA, USA. IEEE, c1999:0-1

[37] Yamanaka K. The electrochemical behavior of anodically electrodeposited iridium oxide films and the reliability of transmittance variable cells[J]. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1991,30(6):1285-1289.
doi: 10.1143/JJAP.30.1285 URL

[38] Yousefpour M, Shokuhy A. Electrodeposition of TiO₂-RuO₂-IrO₂ coating on titanium substrate[J]. Superlattices Microstruct., 2012,51(6):842-853.
doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2012.03.024 URL pmid: 25276006

[39] Wang W D(王维大), Feng Y L(冯雅丽), Li H R(李浩然), Cai Z L(蔡震雷). Electrodeposition of manganese dioxide on Ti-IrO₂ anode in acidic nitrate medium[J]. J. Northeast. Univ. (东北大学学报), 2014,35(2):249-252.

[40] Lattach Y, Rivera J F, Bamine T, Deronzier A, Moutet J C. Iridium oxide-polymer nanocomposite electrode materials for water oxidation[J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2014,6(15):12852-12859.
doi: 10.1021/am5027852 URL pmid: 25045786

[41] Salimi A, Alizadeh V, Compton R G. Disposable amperometric sensor for neurotransmitters based on screen-printed electrodes modified with a thin iridium oxide film[J]. Anal. Sci., 2005,21(11):1275-1280.
doi: 10.2116/analsci.21.1275 URL pmid: 16317893

[42] Guo W J(郭文君), Li Z Q(李紫琼), Ke R H(柯若昊), Niu D F(钮东方), Xu H(徐衡), Zhang X S(张新胜). A study of pluse electrodeposition on suppressing the formation of lithium dendrite[J]. J. Electrochem. (电化学), 2018,24(3):246-252.

[43] Herrada R A, Acosta-Santoyo G, Sepúlveda-Guzmán S, Brillas E, Sires I, Bustos E. IrO₂ Ta₂O₅ |Ti electrodes prepared by electrodeposition from different Ir:Ta ratios for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2018,263:353-361.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.056 URL

[44] Jiang B(蒋孛), Zhang L N(张莉娜), Qin X X(秦先贤), Cai W B(蔡文斌). Electrodeposition of RuO₂ layers on TiO₂ nanotube array toward CO₂ electroreduction[J]. J. Electrochem. (电化学), 2017,23(2):238-244.

[45] Van Pham C, Buhler M, Knoppel J, Bierling M, Seeberger D, Escalera-Lopez D, Mayrhofer K J J, Cherevko S, Thiele S. IrO₂ coated TiO₂ core-shell microparticles advance performance of low loading proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers[J]. Appl. Catal. B - Environ., 2020,269:118762.
doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118762 URL