Perovskite-Type Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts

Authors

Xiao Liang, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;
Ke-Xin Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;Follow
Yu-Cheng Shen, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;
Ke Sun, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;
Lei Shi, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;
Hui Chen, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;
Ke-Yan Zheng, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;Follow
Xiao-Xin Zou, State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry,Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China;Follow

Corresponding Author

Ke-Xin Zhang(zhky@jlu.edu.cn);
Xiao-Xin Zou(xxzou@jlu.edu.cn)

Abstract

The development of energy conversion/storage technologies can achieve the reliable and stable renewable energy supply, and bring us a sustainable future. As the core half-reaction of many energy-related systems, water oxidation is the bottleneck due to its sluggish kinetics of the four-concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) process. This necessitates the exploitation of low cost, highly active and stable water oxidation electrocatalysts. Perovskite-type oxides possess diverse crystal structures, flexible compositions and unique electronic properties, enabling them ideal material platform for the optimization of catalytic performance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary for the crystal structures, electronic structures and synthetic methods of perovskite-type oxides in their application background of water oxidation electrocatalysis. Then, we summarize the recent research advances of perovskite-type water oxidation electrocatalysts in alkaline and acidic media, and highlight the significance of their structure-activity relationship and activation/deactivation mechanism. Finally, challenges and the corresponding solutions for the perovskite-type electrocatalysts are highlighted, which is expected to open the opportunities to their practical applications.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

perovskite, water oxidation, electrocatalysis, water splitting, hydrogen energy

DOI Link

https://doi.org/10.13208/j.electrochem.2214004

Publication Date

2022-09-28

Online Available Date

2022-08-23

Revised Date

2022-07-24

Received Date

2022-06-16

Recommended Citation

Xiao Liang, Ke-Xin Zhang, Yu-Cheng Shen, Ke Sun, Lei Shi, Hui Chen, Ke-Yan Zheng, Xiao-Xin Zou. Perovskite-Type Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts[J]. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2022 , 28(9): 2214004.
DOI: 10.13208/j.electrochem.2214004
Available at: https://jelectrochem.xmu.edu.cn/journal/vol28/iss9/5

References

[1] Chu S, Majumdar A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future[J]. Nature, 2012, 488(7411): 294-303.
doi: 10.1038/nature11475 URL

[2] Trenberth K E, Cheng L J, Jacobs P, Zhang Y X, Fasullo J. Hurricane harvey links to ocean heat content and climate change adaptation[J]. Earth’s Future, 2018, 6(5): 730-744.
doi: 10.1029/2018EF000825 URL

[3] Tang C, Zheng Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao S Z. Electrocatalytic refinery for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60(36): 19572-19590.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202101522 pmid: 33606339

[4] Chu S, Cui Y, Liu N. The path towards sustainable energy[J]. Nat. Mater., 2017, 16(1): 16-22.
doi: 10.1038/nmat4834 URL

[5] Yan Z F, Hitt J L, Turner J A, Mallouk T E. Renewable electricity storage using electrolysis[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2020, 117(23): 12558-12563.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1821686116 URL

[6] De Luna P, Hahn C, Higgins D, Jaffer S A, Jaramillo T F, Sargent E H. What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?[J]. Science, 2019, 364(6438): eaav3506.
doi: 10.1126/science.aav3506 URL

[7] Beaudin M, Zareipour H, Schellenberglabe A, Rosehart W. Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review[J]. Energy Sustain. Dev., 2010, 14(4): 302-314.
doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2010.09.007 URL

[8] Hunter B M, Gray H B, Müller A M. Earth-abundant heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts[J]. Chem. Rev., 2016, 116(22): 14120-14136.
pmid: 27797490

[9] Suen N T, Hung S F, Quan Q, Zhang N, Xu Y J, Chen H M. Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives[J]. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46(2): 337-365.
doi: 10.1039/C6CS00328A URL

[10] Hwang J, Rao R R, Giordano L, Katayama Y, Yu Y, Shao-Horn Y. Perovskites in catalysis and electrocatalysis[J]. Science, 2017, 358(6364): 751-756.
doi: 10.1126/science.aam7092 pmid: 29123062

[11] Rose G. Ueber einige neue Mineralien des Urals[J]. J. Prakt. Chem., 2010, 19(1): 459-468.
doi: 10.1002/prac.18400190179 URL

[12] Chakhmouradian A R, Woodward P M. Celebrating 175 years of perovskite research: A tribute to Roger H. Mitchell[J]. Phys Chem Miner, 2014, 41(6): 387-391.
doi: 10.1007/s00269-014-0678-9 URL

[13] Ortega-San-Martin L. Introduction to perovskites: A historical perspective[M]. New York: Springer, 2020. 1-41.

[14] Von Hippel A, Breckenridge R G, Chesley F G, Tisza L. High dielectric constant ceramics[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1946, 6(4): 238-251.

[15] Bednorz J G, Müller K A Z. Possible high Tc supercond-uctivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system[J]. Z. Phys. B-Condensed Matter., 1986, 64(2): 189-193.
doi: 10.1007/BF01303701 URL

[16] Jonker G H, Santen J. Ferromagnetic compounds of manganese with perovskite structure[J]. Physica, 1950, 16(3): 337-349.
doi: 10.1016/0031-8914(50)90033-4 URL

[17] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131(17): 6050-6051.
doi: 10.1021/ja809598r pmid: 19366264

[18] Meadowcroft D B. Low-cost oxygen electrode material[J]. Nature, 1970, 226(5248): 847-848.
doi: 10.1038/226847a0 URL

[19] Suntivich J, May K J, Gasteiger H A, Goodenough J B, Shao-Horn Y. A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles[J]. Science, 2011, 334(6061): 1383-1385.
doi: 10.1126/science.1212858 pmid: 22033519

[20] Seitz L C, Dickens C F, Nishio K, Hikita Y, Montoya J, Doyle A, Kirk C, Vojvodic A, Hwang H Y, Norskov J K, Jaramillo T F. A highly active and stable IrO_x/SrIrO₃ catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Science, 2016, 353(6303): 1011-1014.
doi: 10.1126/science.aaf5050 URL

[21] Xu X M, Zhong Y J, Shao Z P. Double perovskites in ca-talysis, electrocatalysis, and photo(electro)catalysis[J]. Trends Chem., 2019, 1(4): 410-424.
doi: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.05.006 URL

[22] Zhang Q, Liang X, Chen H, Yan W S, Shi L, Liu Y P, Li J Y, Zou X X. Identifying key structural subunits and their synergism in low-iridium triple perovskites for oxygen evolution in acidic media[J]. Chem. Mater., 2020, 32(9): 3904-3910.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00081 URL

[23] Xu X M, Pan Y L, Zhong Y J, Ran R, Shao Z P. Ruddlesden-popper perovskites in electrocatalysis[J]. Mater. Ho-rizons, 2020, 7(10): 2519-2565.

[24] Peña M A, Fierro J L G. Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides[J]. Chem. Rev., 2001, 101(7): 1981-2017.
pmid: 11710238

[25] George G. Fundamentals of perovskite oxides: Synthesis, structure, properties and applications[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020.

[26] Tilley R. Perovskites structure-property relationships[M]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2016: 1-315.

[27] Rodríguez-Carvajal J, Hennion M, Moussa F, Mouden A H, Pinsard L, Revcolevschi A. Neutron-diffraction study of the Jahn-Teller transition in stoichiometric LaMnO₃[J]. Phys. Rev. B, 1998, 57(6): R3189-R3192.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.R3189 URL

[28] David W I F, Harrison W T A, Gunn J M F, Moze O, Soper A K, Day P, Jorgensen J D, Hinks D G, Beno M A, Soderholm L, Capone Ii D W, Schuller I K, Segre C U, Zhang K, Grace J D. Structure and crystal chemistry of the high-Tc superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x[J]. Nature, 1987, 327(6120): 310-312.
doi: 10.1038/327310a0 URL

[29] Yagi S, Yamada I, Tsukasaki H, Seno A, Murakami M, Fujii H, Chen H, Umezawa N, Abe H, Nishiyama N, Mori S. Covalency-reinforced oxygen evolution reaction catalyst[J]. Nat. Commun., 2015, 6: 8249.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms9249 pmid: 26354832

[30] Koo B, Kim K, Kim J K, Kwon H, Han J W, Jung W. Sr segregation in perovskite oxides: Why it happens and how it exists[J]. Joule, 2018, 2(8): 1476-1499.
doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.07.016 URL

[31] Goldschmidt V M. Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 1926, 14(21): 477-485.
doi: 10.1007/BF01507527 URL

[32] King G, Woodward P M. Cation ordering in perovskites[J]. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20(28): 5785-5796.
doi: 10.1039/b926757c URL

[33] Ruddlesden S N, Popper P. The compound Sr₃Ti₂O₇ and its structure[J]. Acta Cryst., 1958, 11(1): 54-55.
doi: 10.1107/S0365110X58000128 URL

[34] Dylla M T, Kang S D, Snyder G J. Effect of two-dimensional crystal orbitals on fermi surfaces and electron transport in three-dimensional perovskite oxides[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58(17): 5503-5512.
doi: 10.1002/anie.201812230 pmid: 30589168

[35] Pesquera D, Herranz G, Barla A, Pellegrin E, Bondino F, Magnano E, Sánchez F, Fontcuberta J. Surface symmetry-breaking and strain effects on orbital occupancy in transition metal perovskite epitaxial films[J]. Nat. Commun., 2012, 3: 1189.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms2189 pmid: 23149734

[36] Suntivich J, Gasteiger H A, Yabuuchi N, Nakanishi H, Goodenough J B, Shao-Horn Y. Design principles for oxygen-reduction activity on perovskite oxide catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries[J]. Nat. Chem., 2011, 3(7): 546-550.
doi: 10.1038/nchem.1069 pmid: 21697876

[37] Lee Y L, Kleis J, Rossmeisl J, Shao-Horn Y, Morgan D. Prediction of solid oxide fuel cell cathode activity with first-principles descriptors[J]. Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4(10): 3966-3970.
doi: 10.1039/c1ee02032c URL

[38] Grimaud A, May K J, Carlton C E, Lee Y L, Risch M, Hong W T, Zhou J G, Shao-Horn Y. Double perovskites as a family of highly active catalysts for oxygen evolution in alkaline solution[J]. Nat. Commun., 2013, 4: 2439.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms3439 pmid: 24042731

[39] Hong W T, Stoerzinger K A, Lee Y L, Giordano L, Grimaud A, Johnson A M, Hwang J, Crumlin E J, Yang W L, Shao-Horn Y. Charge-transfer-energy-dependent oxygen evolution reaction mechanisms for perovskite oxides[J]. Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, 10(10): 2190-2200.
doi: 10.1039/C7EE02052J URL

[40] Hong W T, Stoerzinger K A, Moritz B, Devereaux T P, Yang W L, Shao-Horn Y. Probing LaMO₃ metal and oxygen partial density of states using X-ray emission, absorption, and photoelectron spectroscopy[J]. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119(4): 2063-2072.
doi: 10.1021/jp511931y URL

[41] Calle-Vallejo F, Inoglu N G, Su H Y, Martinez J I, Man I C, Koper M T M, Kitchin J R, Rossmeisl J. Number of outer electrons as descriptor for adsorption processes on transition metals and their oxides[J]. Chem. Sci., 2013, 4(3): 1245-1249.
doi: 10.1039/c2sc21601a URL

[42] Gerischer H. Electron-transfer kinetics of redox reactions at the semiconductor/electrolyte contact. A new approach[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95(3): 1356-1359.
doi: 10.1021/j100156a060 URL

[43] Zaanen J, Sawatzky G A, Allen J W. Band gaps and electronic structure of transition-metal compounds[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1985, 55(4): 418-421.
pmid: 10032345

[44] Portier J, Poizot P, Tarascon J M, Campet G, Subramanian M. Acid-base behavior of oxides and their electronic structure[J]. Solid State Sci., 2003, 5(5): 695-699.
doi: 10.1016/S1293-2558(03)00031-1 URL

[45] Bockris J O, Otagawa T. The electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution on perovskites[J]. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1984, 131(2): 290-302.
doi: 10.1149/1.2115565 URL

[46] Kumar V, Kumar R, Shukla D K, Gautam S, Chae K H, Kumar R. Electronic structure and electrical transport properties of LaCo_1-xNi_xO₃ (0≤ x ≤0.5)[J]. J. Appl. Phys., 2013, 114(7): 073704.
doi: 10.1063/1.4818448 URL

[47] Diaz-Morales O, Raaijman S, Kortlever R, Kooyman P J, Wezendonk T, Gascon J, Fu W T, Koper M T M. Iridium-based double perovskites for efficient water oxidation in acid media[J]. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7: 12363.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms12363 pmid: 27498694

[48] Liu H, Ding X F, Wang L X, Ding D, Zhang S H, Yuan G L. Cation deficiency design: A simple and efficient strategy for promoting oxygen evolution reaction activity of perovskite electrocatalyst[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 259:1004-1010.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.172 URL

[49] Xu X M, Su C, Zhou W, Zhu Y L, Chen Y B, Shao Z P. Co-doping strategy for developing perovskite oxides as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Adv. Sci., 2016, 3(2): 1500187.
doi: 10.1002/advs.201500187 URL

[50] Miao Y F, Wang X T, Zhang H J, Zhang T Y, Wei N, Liu X M, Chen Y T, Chen J, Zhao Y X. In situ growth of ultra-thin perovskitoid layer to stabilize and passivate MAPbI₃ for efficient and stable photovoltaics[J]. eScience, 2021, 1(1): 91-97.
doi: 10.1016/j.esci.2021.09.005 URL

[51] Zeng J, Bi L Y, Cheng Y H, Xu B M, Jen A K Y. Self-ass-embled monolayer enabling improved buried interfaces in blade-coated perovskite solar cells for high efficiency and stability[J]. Nano Res. Energy, 2022, 1: e9120004.
doi: 10.26599/NRE.2022.9120004 URL

[52] Wang H, Wang L, Luo Q S, Zhang J, Wang C T, Ge X, Zhang W, Xiao F S. Two-dimensional manganese oxide on ceria for the catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons[J]. Chem. Synth., 2022, 2(1): 2.
doi: 10.20517/cs.2022.02 URL

[53] Li Q, Wu J B, Wu T, Jin H R, Zhang N, Li J, Liang W X, Liu M L, Huang L, Zhou J. Phase engineering of atomically thin perovskite oxide for highly active oxygen evolution[J]. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31(38): 2102002.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202102002 URL

[54] Jin C, Cao X C, Zhang L Y, Zhang C, Yang R Z. Preparation and electrochemical properties of urchin-like La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ perovskite oxide as a bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction[J]. J. Power Sources, 2013, 241: 225-230.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.116 URL

[55] Yu L J, Xu N, Zhu T L, Xu Z L, Sun M Z, Geng D. La_0.4Sr_0.6Co_0.7Fe_0.2Nb_0.1O_3-δ perovskite prepared by the sol-gel method with superior performance as a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst[J]. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(55): 30583-30591.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.105 URL

[56] Wang Z, Li M, Liang C H, Fan L Q, Han J N, Xiong Y P. Effect of morphology on the oxygen evolution reaction for La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3-δ electrochemical catalyst in alkaline media[J]. RSC Adv., 2016, 6(73): 69251-69256.
doi: 10.1039/C6RA14770D URL

[57] Flaschen S S. An aqueous synthesis of barium titanate[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77(23): 6194-6194.

[58] Wei X, Xu G, Ren Z H, Wang Y G, Shen G, Han G R. Composition and shape control of single-crystalline Ba_1-xSr_xTiO₃ (x=0-1) nanocrystals via a solvothermal route[J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 2008, 310(18): 4132-4137.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.04.039 URL

[59] Kumada N, Kyoda T, Yonesaki Y, Takei T, Kinomura N. Preparation of KNbO₃ by hydrothermal reaction[J]. Mater. Res. Bull., 2007, 42(10): 1856-1862.
doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.11.045 URL

[60] Stoerzinger K A, Choi W S, Jeen H, Lee H N, Shao-Horn Y. Role of strain and conductivity in oxygen electrocatalysis on LaCoO₃ thin films[J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2015, 6(3): 487-492.
doi: 10.1021/jz502692a pmid: 26261968

[61] Weber M L, Baeumer C, Mueller D N, Jin L, Jia C L, Bick D S, Waser R, Dittmann R, Valov I, Gunkel F. Ele-ctrolysis of water at atomically tailored epitaxial cobaltite surfaces[J]. Chem. Mater., 2019, 31(7): 2337-2346.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04577 URL

[62] Tang R B, Nie Y F, Kawasaki J K, Kuo D Y, Petretto G, Hautier G, Rignanese G M, Shen K M, Schlom D G, Suntivich J. Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysis on SrIrO₃ grown using molecular beam epitaxy[J]. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4(18): 6831-6836.
doi: 10.1039/C5TA09530A URL

[63] Wang L, Adiga P, Zhao J L, Samarakoon W S, Stoerzinger K A, Spurgeon S R, Matthews B E, Bowden M E, Sushko P V, Kaspar T C, Sterbinsky G E, Heald S M, Wang H, Wangoh L W, Wu J P, Guo E J, Qian H J, Wang J O, Varga T, Thevuthasan S, Feng Z X, Yang W L, Du Y G, Chambers S A. Understanding the electronic structure evolution of epitaxial LaNi_1-xFe_xO₃ thin films for water oxidation[J]. Nano Lett., 2021, 21(19): 8324-8331.
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02901 URL

[64] Ni L S, Guo R T, Fang S S, Chen J, Gao J Q, Mei Y, Zhang S, Deng W T, Zou G Q, Hou H S, Ji X B. Crack-free single-crystalline Co-free Ni-rich LiNi_0.95Mn_0.05O₂ layered cathode[J]. eScience, 2022, 2(1): 116-124.
doi: 10.1016/j.esci.2022.02.006 URL

[65] Li B, Li Z, Wu X, Zhu Z L. Interface functionalization in inverted perovskite solar cells: From material perspective[J]. Nano Res. Energy, 2022, 1(1): e9120011.
doi: 10.26599/NRE.2022.9120011 URL

[66] Man I C, Su H Y, Calle-Vallejo F, Hansen H A, Martínez J I, Inoglu N G, Kitchin J, Jaramillo T F, Nörskov J K, Rossmeisl J. Universality in oxygen evolution electrocatalysis on oxide surfaces[J]. ChemCatChem, 2011, 3(7): 1159-1165.
doi: 10.1002/cctc.201000397 URL

[67] Matsumoto Y, Sato E. Electrocatalytic properties of transition metal oxides for oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Mater. Chem. Phys., 1986, 14(5): 397-426.
doi: 10.1016/0254-0584(86)90045-3 URL

[68] Kim J, Yin X, Tsao K C, Fang S H, Yang H. Ca₂MN₂O₅ as oxygen-deficient perovskite electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136(42): 14646-14649.
doi: 10.1021/ja506254g URL

[69] Duan Y, Sun S N, Xi S B, Ren X, Zhou Y, Zhang G L, Yang H T, Du Y H, Xu Z C J. Tailoring the Co 3d-O 2p covalency in LaCoO₃ by Fe substitution to promote oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Chem. Mater., 2017, 29(24): 10534-10541.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04534 URL

[70] Mefford J T, Rong X, Abakumov A M, Hardin W G, Dai S, Kolpak A M, Johnston K P, Stevenson K J. Water electrolysis on La_1-xSr_xCoO_3-δ perovskite electrocatalysts[J]. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7: 11053.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms11053 pmid: 27006166

[71] Hua B, Li M, Pang W Y, Tang W Q, Zhao S L, Jin Z H, Zeng Y M, Amirkhiz B S, Luo J L. Activating p-blocking centers in perovskite for efficient water splitting[J]. Chem, 2018, 4(12): 2902-2916.
doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.09.012 URL

[72] Cao C, Shang C Y, Li X, Wang Y Y, Liu C X, Wang X Y, Zhou S M, Zeng J. Dimensionality control of electrocatalytic activity in perovskite nickelates[J]. Nano Lett., 2020, 20(4): 2837-2842.
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00553 pmid: 32207976

[73] Dai J, Zhu Y L, Zhong Y J, Miao J, Lin B W, Zhou W, Shao Z P. Enabling high and stable electrocatalytic activity of iron-based perovskite oxides for water splitting by combined bulk doping and morphology designing[J]. Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 6(1): 1801317.
doi: 10.1002/admi.201801317 URL

[74] Zhou S M, Miao X B, Zhao X, Ma C, Qiu Y H, Hu Z P, Zhao J Y, Shi L, Zeng J. Engineering electrocatalytic activity in nanosized perovskite cobaltite through surface spin-state transition[J]. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7: 11510.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms11510 pmid: 27187067

[75] Burke M S, Enman L J, Batchellor A S, Zou S H, Boett-cher S W. Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysis on transition metal oxides and (oxy)hydroxides: Activity trends and design principles[J]. Chem. Mater., 2015, 27(22): 7549-7558.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03148 URL

[76] Bockris J O, Otagawa T. Mechanism of oxygen evolution on perovskites[J]. J. Phys. Chem. C, 1983, 87(15): 2960-2971.

[77] Grimaud A, Diaz-Morales O, Han B H, Hong W T, Lee Y L, Giordano L, Stoerzinger K A, Koper M T M, Shao-Horn Y. Activating lattice oxygen redox reactions in metal oxides to catalyse oxygen evolution[J]. Nat. Chem., 2017, 9(5): 457-465.
doi: 10.1038/nchem.2695 pmid: 28430191

[78] Yoo J S, Rong X, Liu Y S, Kolpak A M. Role of lattice oxygen participation in understanding trends in the oxygen evolution reaction on perovskites[J]. ACS Catal., 2018, 8(5): 4628-4636.
doi: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00612 URL

[79] Gao R Q, Deng M, Yan Q, Fang Z X, Li L C, Shen H Y, Chen Z F. Structural variations of metal oxide-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Small Methods, 2021, 5(12): 2100834.
doi: 10.1002/smtd.202100834 URL

[80] Fabbri E, Nachtegaal M, Binninger T, Cheng X, Kim B J, Durst J, Bozza F, Graule T, Schäublin R, Wiles L, Pertoso M, Danilovic N, Ayers K E, Schmidt T J. Dynamic surface self-reconstruction is the key of highly active perovskite nano-electrocatalysts for water splitting[J]. Nat. Mater., 2017, 16(9): 925-931.
doi: 10.1038/nmat4938 pmid: 28714982

[81] Danilovic N, Subbaraman R, Chang K C, Chang S H, Kang Y J J, Snyder J, Paulikas A P, Strmcnik D, Kim Y T, Myers D, Stamenkovic V R, Markovic N M. Activity-stability trends for the oxygen evolution reaction on monometallic oxides in acidic environments[J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2014, 5(14): 2474-2478.
doi: 10.1021/jz501061n pmid: 26277818

[82] Ouimet R J, Glenn J R, De Porcellinis D, Motz A R, Carmo M, Ayers K E. The role of electrocatalysts in the development of gigawatt-scale PEM electrolyzers[J]. ACS Catal., 2022, 12(10): 6159-6171.

[83] Hubert M A, King L A, Jaramillo T F. Evaluating the case for reduced precious metal catalysts in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers[J]. ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7(1): 17-23.
doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01869 URL

[84] Liu Y P, Liang X, Chen H, Gao R Q, Shi L, Yang L, Zou X X. Iridium-containing water-oxidation catalysts in acidic electrolyte[J]. Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42(7): 1054-1077.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63722-6 URL

[85] Wan G, Freeland J W, Kloppenburg J, Petretto G, Nelson J N, Kuo D Y, Sun C J, Wen J G, Diulus J T, Herman G S, Dong Y Q, Kou R H, Sun J Y, Chen S, Shen K M, Schlom D G, Rignanese G M, Hautier G, Fong D D, Feng Z X, Zhou H, Suntivich J. Amorphization mechanism of SrIrO₃ electrocatalyst: How oxygen redox initiates ionic diffusion and structural reorganization[J]. Sci. Adv., 2021, 7(2): eabc7323.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7323 URL

[86] Yang L, Yu G T, Ai X, Yan W S, Duan H L, Chen W, Li X T, Wang T, Zhang C H, Huang X R, Chen J S, Zou X X. Efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalysis in acid by a perovskite with face-sharing IrO₆ octahedral dimers[J]. Nat. Com