•  
  •  
 

Corresponding Author

HUANG Jun(jhuangelectrochem@qq.com)

Abstract

This review article recapitulates electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies in the field of electrocatalysis. The history of this specialized field, ranging from the beginning of the twentieth century to now, is outlined. We then chronicle milestones of the impedance theory. Special emphases are put on the Dolin-Ershler model, the prevailing model for analyzing adsorption impedance data. Afterwards, we narrow into a very specific and fundamental topic, the double-layer capacitance at platinum (Pt) single crystals. We discuss the challenges in experimentation and theoretical understanding thereof. We cast doubts into the validity of using the Dolin-Ershler model to obtain the double-layer capacitance in dilute solutions, in which case diffuse charge effects become important and the low-frequency part of double-layer capacitance is lost. We wish to see future progress in proving or disproving the recent theoretical prediction that Pt electrode possesses a non-monotonic surface charging relation and negative double-layer capacitances in the oxide formation region.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

electrocatalysis, electrochemical impedance, chemisorption, electrode kinetics, electrical double layer

Publication Date

2020-02-28

Online Available Date

2019-11-06

Revised Date

2019-11-04

Received Date

2019-04-03

References

[1]Petrii O A, Fletcher S. The frumkin era in electrochemistry[M]//Scholz F. Electrochemistry in a divided world: Innovations in Eastern Europe in the 20th Century. Cham; Springer International Publishing. 2015: 49-96.

[2] Front matter[J]. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1947,1(0):1-2.

[3]Ershler B . Investigation of electrode reactions by the method of charging-curves and with the aid of alternating currents[J]. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1947,1(0):269-77.

[4]Byakov V M, Ezerskii M L, Skundin A M , et al. Boris Vul’fovich (Vladimirovich) Ershler (On occasion of his centenary jubilee)[J]. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2009,45(1):2-10.

[5]Randles J E B . Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions[J]. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1947,1(0):11-9.

[6]Frumkin A . Hydrogen overvoltage[J]. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1947,1(0):57-67.

[7]Scholz F. Introduction[M]//Scholz F. Electrochemistry in a divided world: Innovations in Eastern Europe in the 20th Century. Cham; Springer International Publishing. 2015: 1-6.

[8]Lasia A . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its applications[M]//Conway B E, Bockris J O M, White R E. Modern aspects of electrochemistry. Boston, MA; Springer US, 2002: 143-248.

[9]Macdonald D D . Reflections on the history of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2006,51(8):1376-88.

[10]Orazem M E, Tribollet B . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[M]. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

[11]Barsoukov E, Macdonald J R . Impedance spectroscopy: theory, experiment, and applications[M]. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.

[12]Warburg E . Ueber das Verhalten sogenannter unpolarisirbarer Elektroden gegen Wechselstrom[M]. Annalen der Physik, 1899,303(3):493-499.

[13]Lattey R T . XLIV. The passage of an alternating current through sulphuric acid[J]. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1925,50(296):444-453.

[14]Pajkossy T . Impedance of rough capacitive electrodes[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1994,364(1):111-125.

[15]Pajkossy T . Impedance spectroscopy at interfaces of metals and aqueous solutions — Surface roughness, CPE and related issues[J]. Solid State Ionics, 2005,176(25):1997-2003.

[16]Dolin P, Ershler B . The kinetics of discharge and ionization of hydrogen adsorbed at Pt-electrode[J]. Acta Physicochim URSS, 1940,13:747.

[17]Grahame D C . The electrical double layer and the theory of electrocapillarity[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1947,41:441-501.
doi: 10.1021/cr60130a002 URL pmid: 18895519

[18]Frumkin A, Melik-Gaykazyan V . Determination of the kinetics of adsorption of organic substances by a.-c. Measurements of the capacity and the conductivity at the boundary: electrode-solution[C]. Proceedings of the Dokl Acad Nauk, F, 1951.

[19]Sluytersrehbach M . Impedances of electrochemical systems-terminology, nomenclature and representation. 1. Cells With metal-electrodes and liquid solutions (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1994,66(9):1831-1891.

[20]Kerner Z, Pajkossy T . Measurement of adsorption rates of anions on Au(111) electrodes by impedance spectroscopy[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2002,47(13):2055-2063.

[21]Schuldiner S . Hydrogen overvoltage on bright platinum[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1952,99(12):488-494.

[22]Robertson W D . The capacity of polarized platinum electrodes in hydrochloric acid[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1953,100(4):194-201.
doi: 10.1039/c4cp00342j URL pmid: 24664444

[23]Sarmousakis J N, Prager M J . Impedance at polarized platinum electrodes in various electrolytes[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1957,104(7):454-459.

[24]Sluyters J H . On the impedance of galvanic cells: I. Theory[J]. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, 1960,79(10):1092-1100.

[25]Iseki S, Ohashi K, Nagaura S . Impedance of the oxygen-evolution reaction on noble metal electrodes[J]. Electro-chimica Acta, 1972,17(12):2249-2265.
doi: 10.1002/chem.201701391 URL pmid: 28429831

[26]Breyer B, Hacobian S . Tensammetry: A method of investigating surface phenomena by A.C. current measurements[J]. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 1952,5(3):500-520.

[27]Breiter M W . Double layer capacity and methanol coverage on platinum in perchloric acid solution[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1962,7(5):533-542.

[28]Breiter M W . Impedance on platinum from voltammetry with superimposed alternating voltage[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1964,7(1):38-49.

[29]Ragoisha G A, Bondarenko A S . Potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Copper underpotential deposition on gold[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003,5(5):392-395.

[30]Darowicki K, Krakowiak S, Slepski P . Evaluation of pitting corrosion by means of dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2004,49(17):2909-2918.

[31]Huang J, Ge H, Li Z , et al. Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a three-electrode lithium-ion battery during pulse charge and discharge[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2015,176:311-320.

[32]Huang J, Li Z, Zhang J B . Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reconstructed from continuous impedance measurement of single frequency during charging/discharging[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015,273:1098-1102.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.067 URL

[33]Sacci R L, Seland F, Harrington D A . Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, for electrocatalytic reactions[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2014,131:13-19.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.120 URL

[34]Itagaki M, Kobari N, Yotsuda S , et al. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to investigate negative electrode of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2004,135(1):255-261.

[35]Valette G, Hamelin A . Structure et propriétés de la couche double électrochimiqueà l'interphase argent/solutions aqueuses de fluorure de sodium[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1973,45(2):301-319.

[36]Hamelin A, Vitanov T, Sevastyanov E , et al. The electrochemical double layer on sp metal single crystals: The current status of data[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1983,145(2):225-264.

[37]Oelgeklaus R, Rose J, Baltruschat H . On the rate of hydrogen and iodine adsorption on polycrystalline Pt and Pt(111)[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1994,376(1):127-133.

[38]Clavilier J, Durand R, Guinet G , et al. Electrochemical adsorption behaviour of Pt(100) in sulphuric acid solution[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1981,127(1):281-287.

[39]Clavilier J, Faure R, Guinet G , et al. Preparation of monocrystalline Pt microelectrodes and electrochemical study of the plane surfaces cut in the direction of the {111} and {110} planes[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1980,107(1):205-209.

[40]Seelig P F, De Levie R . Double layer capacitance measurements with digital synchronous detection at a dropping mercury electrode[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1980,52(9):1506-1511.

[41]MacAleavy C . Belgian Patent[P]. No.443003( 1941).

[42]Breyer B, Gutmann F . Reversible electrode reactions in alternating fields[J]. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1946,42:645-654.

[43]Jessop G . British Patent[P].No.640768( 1950).

[44]Smith D E . A.C. polarography employing operational amplifier instrumentation. evaluation of instrument performance and application to some new A.C. polarographic techniques[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1963,35(12):1811-1820.

[45]De Levie R, Husovsky A A . Instrument for the automatic measurement of the electrode admittance[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1969,20(2):181-193.

[46]Hayes J W, Reilley C N . Operational-amplifier, alternating-current polarograph with admittance recording[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1965,37(11):1322-1325.

[47]Ohsaka T, Sawada Y, Yoshida T , et al. investigation of adsorbed hydrogen on platinum electrode by means of dynamic impedance measurement[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1976,123(9):1339-1345.

[48]Valette G . Double layer on silver single-crystal electrodes in contact with electrolytes having anions which present a slight specific adsorption: Part I. The (110) face[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1981,122:285-297.

[49]Valette G . Double layer on silver single crystal electrodes in contact with electrolytes having anions which are slightly specifically adsorbed: Part II. The (100) face[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1982,138(1):37-54.
doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(82)87126-X URL

[50]Valette G . Double layer on silver single crystal electrodes in contact with electrolytes having anions which are slightly specifically adsorbed: Part III. The (111) face[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1989,269(1):191-203.

[51]Valette G, Hamelin A, Parsons R . Specific adsorption on silver single crystals in aqueous solutions[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1978,113(1):71-89.

[52]Schmickler W . Electronic effects in the electric double laye[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1996,96(8):3177-3200.
doi: 10.1021/cr940408c URL pmid: 11848857

[53]Vitanov T, Popov A, Sevastyanov E S . Electrical double layer on (111) and (100) faces of silver single crystals in solutions containing ClO4- and F-[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1982,142(1):289-297.

[54]Larkin D, Guyer K L, Hupp J T , et al. Determination of specific adsorption of some simple anions at a polycrystalline silver-aqueous interface using differential capacitance and kinetic probe techniques[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1982,138(2):401-423.

[55]Lipkowski J, Nguyen Van Huong C, Hinnen C, , et al. Adsorption of diethylether on single-crystal gold electrodes: Calculation of adsorption parameters[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1983,143(1):375-396.

[56]Jovic V D, Jovic B M, Parsons R . Acetate adsorption on the (111) oriented silver single crystal surface[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1990,290(1):257-262.

[57]Jovic V D, Parsons R, Jovic B M . Anion absorption on the (111) face of silver[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1992,339(1):327-337.

[58]Jovic B M, Jovic V D, Drazic D M . Kinetics of chloride ion adsorption and the mechanism of AgCl layer formation on the (111), (100) and (110) faces of silver[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1995,399(1):197-206.

[59]Jovic V D, Jovic B M . EIS and differential capacitance measurements onto single crystal faces in different solutions: Part I: Ag(111) in 0.01 M NaCl[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2003,541:1-11.

[60]Pajkossy T, Wandlowski T, Kolb D M . Impedance aspects of anion adsorption on gold single crystal electrodes[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1996,414(2):209-220.

[61]Pajkossy T, Kolb D M . Double layer capacitance of the platinum group metals in the double layer region[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2007,9(5):1171-1174.

[62]Pajkossy T, Kolb D M . The interfacial capacitance of Rh(111) in HCl solutions[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2009,54(13):3594-3599.
URL pmid: 8012987

[63]Pajkossy T, Kolb D M . An impedance study of Ir(210) in HCl solutions[J]. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2009,45(1):29-37.

[64]Pajkossy T . Impedance spectra of Pt(100) in aqueous H2SO4 and HCl solutions around the hydrogen adsorption-desorption peak[M]. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 2012: 935.

[65]Walters M J, Garland J E, Pettit C M , et al. Weak adsorption of anions on gold: measurement of partial charge transfer using Fast Fourier Transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2001,499(1):48-60.

[66]Gerischer H, Mehl W . Zum Mechanismus der kathodischen Wasserstoffabscheidung an Quecksilber, Silber und Kupfer[J]. Zeitschrift für Electrochemie, 1955,59(10):1049-1059.

[67]Brug G J, Van Den Eeden A L G, Sluyters-Rehbach M, , et al. The analysis of electrode impedances complicated by the presence of a constant phase element[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1984,176(1):275-295.

[68]Bai L, Harrington D A, Conway B E . Behavior of overpotential—deposited species in Faradaic reactions—II. ac Impedance measurements on H2 evolution kinetics at activated and unactivated Pt cathodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1987,32(12):1713-1731.

[69]Harrington D A, Conway B E . AC Impedance of Faradaic reactions involving electrosorbed intermediates—I. Kinetic theory[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1987,32(12):1703-1712.

[70]Bai L, Conway B E . AC impedance of faradaic reactions involving electrosorbed intermediates: examination of conditions leading to pseudoinductive behavior represented in three‐dimensional impedance spectroscopy diagrams[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1991,138(10):2897-2907.

[71]Harrington D A . Electrochemical impedance of multistep mechanisms: mechanisms with diffusing species[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1996,403(1):11-24.

[72]Durand R . Extension de l'etude du systeme H+/H/H2(Pt) vers les hautes frequences[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1979,24(10):1095-1100.
doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(79)85006-9 URL

[73]Sibert E, Faure R, Durand R . High frequency impedance measurements on Pt(111) in sulphuric and perchloric acids[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2001,515(1):71-81.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00639-8 URL

[74]Pell W G, Zolfaghari A, Conway B E . Capacitance of the double-layer at polycrystalline Pt electrodes bearing a surface-oxide film[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2002,532(1):13-23.

[75]Conway B E, Pierozynski B . A.C. impedance behaviour of processes involving adsorption and reactivity of guanidonium-type cations at Pt(100) surface[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2008,622(1):10-14.

[76]Harrington D A . Electrochemical impedance of multistep mechanisms: a general theory[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1998,449(1):9-28.

[77]Harrington D A . Electrochemical impedance of multistep mechanisms: mechanisms with static species[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1998,449(1):29-37.

[78]Harrington D A, Van Den Driessche P . Impedance of multistep mechanisms: equivalent circuits at equilibrium[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1999,44(24):4321-4329.

[79]Harrington D A, Van Den Driessche P . Stability and electrochemical impedance of mechanisms with a single adsorbed species[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2001,501(1):222-234.

[80]Harrington D A, Van Den Driessche P . Equivalent circuits for some surface electrochemical mechanisms[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2004,567(2):153-166.

[81]Harrington D A . The rate-determining step in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2015,737:30-36.

[82] Seland F, Tunold R, Harrington D A . Impedance study of methanol oxidation on platinum electrodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2006,51(18):3827-40.


[83] Seland F, Tunold R, Harrington D A . Impedance study of formic acid oxidation on platinum electrodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2008,53(23):6851-6864.


[84] Sacci R L, Harrington D . Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. ECS Transactions, 2009,19(20):31-42.


[85] Bandarenka A S . Exploring the interfaces between metal electrodes and aqueous electrolytes with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Analyst, 2013,138(19):5540-5554.
doi: 10.1039/c3an00791j URL


[86] Smith D E . The acquisition of electrochemical response spectra by on-line fast fourier transform. Data processing in electrochemistry[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1976,48(2):221A-240.


[87] Yoo J S, Park S M . An electrochemical impedance measurement technique employing fourier transform[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2000,72(9):2035-2041.
doi: 10.1021/ac9907540 URL pmid: 10815962


[88] Tetsuya O, Katsuhiko N . Application of on-line impedance measurement using fast fourier transform to electrochemical systems[J]. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 1982,55(1):36-40.


[89] Désilets C, Lasia A . Dynamic impedance study of ethanol and acetaldehyde oxidation at platinum in acid solutions[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2012,78:286-293.


[90] Pajkossy T . Capacitance dispersion on solid electrodes: anion adsorption studies on gold single crystal electrodes[J]. Solid State Ionics, 1997,94(1):123-129.


[91] Kerner Z, Pajkossy T . On the origin of capacitance dispersion of rough electrodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2000,46(2):207-211.


[92] Pajkossy T, Kolb D M . Double layer capacitance of Pt(111) single crystal electrodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2001,46(20):3063-3071.


[93] Kerner Z, Pajkossy T, Kibler L A , et al. The double layer capacity of Pt(100) in aqueous perchlorate solutions[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2002,4(10):787-789.
doi: 10.1016/S1388-2481(02)00441-1 URL


[94] Pajkossy T . Voltammetry and Impedance of Pt(111) Electrodes in Aqueous KClO4 Solutions[M]. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 2003,217:351-363.


[95] Pajkossy T, Kolb D M . On the origin of the double layer capacitance maximum of Pt(111) single crystal electrodes[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2003,5(4):283-285.
doi: 10.1016/S1388-2481(03)00046-8 URL


[96] Pajkossy T, Kibler L A, Kolb D M . Voltammetry and impedance measurements of Ir(111) electrodes in aqueous solutions[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2005,582(1):69-75.
doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.03.019 URL


[97] Pajkossy T . Potential program invariant representation of diffusion-adsorption related voltammograms[M]. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 2007: 1137.


[98] Pajkossy T, Kibler L A, Kolb D M . Voltammetry and impedance measurements of Ir(100) electrodes in aqueous solutions[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2007,600(1):113-118.
doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.04.016 URL


[99] Gnahm M, Pajkossy T, Kolb D M . The interface between Au(111) and an ionic liquid[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2010,55(21):6212-6217.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.031 URL


[100] Gnahm M, Muller C, Repanszki R , et al. The interface between Au(100) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-hexafluorophosphate[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2011,13(24):11627-11633.
doi: 10.1039/c1cp20562e URL


[101] Pajkossy T, Jurczakowski R . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in interfacial studies[J]. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2017,1(1):53-58.


[102] Córdoba-Torres P, Mesquita T J, Nogueira R P . Relationship between the origin of constant-phase element behavior in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrode surface structure[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2015,119(8):4136-4147.
doi: 10.1021/jp512063f URL

[103] Krüger F . Ober Polarisationskapazität[J]. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 1903,45(1):1-74.


[104] Jo'm B . The Founding of the International Society of Electrochemistry[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2000, 45(15/16): XXI-XXIV.


[105] Inzelt G . Milestones of the development of kinetics of electrode reactions[J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011,15(7):1373-1789.


[106] Gerischer H, Mehl W . Zum Mechanismus der kathodischen Wasserstoffabscheidung an Quecksilber, Silber und Kupfer[J]. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, 1955,59(10):1049-1059.


[107] Gerischer H V . Alternating-current polarization of electrodes with a potential determining step for equilibrium potential[J]. Z Physik Chem, 1951,198:268-313.


[108] Armstrong R D, Henderson M . Impedance plane display of a reaction with an adsorbed intermediate[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1972,39(1):81-90.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-0728(72)80477-7 URL


[109] Huang J . Diffusion impedance of electroactive materials, electrolytic solutions and porous electrodes: Warburg impedance and beyond[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018,281:170-188.

doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.136 URL


[110] Huang J, Malek A, Zhang J , et al. Non-monotonic surface charging behavior of platinum: a paradigm change[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2016,120(25):13587-13595.


[111] Macdonald J R . Theory of space-charge polarization and electrode-discharge effects[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1973,58(11):4982-5001.


[112] Jamnik J, Maier J . Generalised equivalent circuits for mass and charge transport: chemical capacitance and its implications[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2001,3(9):1668-1678.
doi: 10.1039/b100180i URL


[113] Lai W, Haile S M . Impedance spectroscopy as a tool for chemical and electrochemical analysis of mixed conductors: a case study of ceria[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2005,88(11):2979-2997.


[114] Pajkossy T . Slow charging/discharging processes of the electrochemical double layer[J]. Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 2018,50:90-98.


[115] Schmickler W, Guidelli R . The partial charge transfer[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2014,127:489-505.
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.057 URL


[116] Conway B E, Tilak B V . Interfacial processes involving electrocatalytic evolution and oxidation of H2, and the role of chemisorbed H[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2002,47(22):3571-3594.
doi: 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00329-8 URL


[117] Climent V, Coles B A, Compton R G . Coulostatic potential transients induced by laser heating of a Pt(111) single-crystal electrode in aqueous acid solutions. rate of hydrogen adsorption and potential of maximum entropy[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002,106(23):5988-5996.


[118] Huang J, Zhou T, Zhang J B , et al. Double layer of platinum electrodes: Non-monotonic surface charging phenomena and negative double layer capacitance[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2018,148(4):044704.
doi: 10.1063/1.5010999 URL pmid: 29390839


[119] Frumkin A N, Petrii O A . Potentials of zero total and zero free charge of platinum group metals[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1975,20(5):347-359.


[120] Garcia-Araez N, Climent V, Feliu J . Potential-dependent water orientation on Pt(111), Pt(100), and Pt(110), as inferred from laser-pulsed experiments. electrostatic and chemical effects[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009,113(21):9290-9304.


[121] Martínez-Hincapié R, Climent V, Feliu J M . Peroxodisulfate reduction as a probe to interfacial charge[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2018,88:43-46.


[122] Damaskin B B, Safonov V A, Petrii O A . Model of two limiting states for describing the properties of the electric double layer in the absence of specific adsorption of ions[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1989,258(1):13-25.


[123] Damaskin B B, Petrii O A . Historical development of theories of the electrochemical double layer[J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011,15(7):1317-1334.
doi: 10.1007/s10008-011-1294-y URL


[124] Gileadi E . Problems in interfacial electrochemistry that have been swept under the carpet[J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011,15(7):1359.
doi: 10.1007/s10008-011-1344-5 URL

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.